Author: admin

  • REMOVING LINK UNDERLINE

    USING CASCADING STYLE SHEET
    CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) method is currently the most practical way to remove underlines from links. CSS only works on browsers that supports CSS. Currently, this means Netscape 4.0 or newer, and Internet Explorer 4.0 or newer. (Some of these browsers might not fully support all the CSS specifications, but most do support non-underlined links.)

    Although there are several variations to the CSS method, it’s actually very simple. Just remember that the underlines can be removed by setting the link style like this: text-decoration: none

    The specifics are as follows:

    ValueClick Media Online Advertising Network

    1) Using inline style:
    This method is recommended if you want to remove the underlines on some (but not all) of your links. Just add STYLE=”text-decoration: none” on the links that you don’t want to be underlined. (You should include the quote signs like the example above.) For links that you want to keep underlined, use the regular <A HREF> tag. An example is shown below:

    <A STYLE=”text-decoration:none” HREF=”link.html”>
    This is an unusual link, it has no underline</A>

    <A HREF=”link.html”>
    This is a normal link, it’s underlined</A>

    which produces something like these:

    This is an unusual link, it has no underline

    This is a normal link, it’s underlined

    2) Using internal style-sheet:
    This method will cause all of your link to be not underlined, so you don’t have to do it one by one. Put the following style definition between the <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags on the html file:

    <STYLE>
    <!–
    a {text-decoration:none}
    //–>
    </STYLE>

    See an example.

    3) Using an external style sheet:
    This method will be the most practical if you want to use the style accross different documents. You can avoid having to enter the style definition on every page by saving the style-sheet into a file. You can then include the file on every page that you want the underline to be removed.

    First, create a text file which contains the following:

    <!–
    a {text-decoration:none}
    //–>

    Save the file and name it something.css Use any valid name that you want, but you must use .css extension.

    Enter the following between the <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags on every document:

    <HEAD>
    <LINK REL=stylesheet TYPE=”text/css” HREF=”something.css”>
    </HEAD>

    Note that this assumes that something.css is the name of the text file which contain the style definition. By doing this, then anytime you create a link within the document, the link will not be underlined. That is: you can just code your link as usual like this:

    <A HREF=”link.html”>This is a normal link</A>

    and it will automatically not be underlined. (Note that the .css file does not necessarily have to be on the same directory as the html file; just make sure to put the correct path if it’s not on the same directory.)

    http://www.permadi.com/tutorial/remLinks/index.html

  • Ubuntu 9.0.4. install dell mini 12

    If you are, like me, the happy owner of a Dell Inspiron Mini 12 and want to install Ubuntu Linux on it, you will surely face a problem with the Poulsbo chipset embedded on the laptop.

    Dell distributes a “custom” flavor of Ubuntu Hardy (8.04) with it. It includes support of the Broadcom wifi chip and support of the Intel Poulsbo grahic chip.

    But some days after the official release of Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04) you might want to upgrade from your old Hardy.

    Here is the way you can install it.

    1. First, get the Ubuntu Jaunty Desktop i386 installation CD or the Ubuntu Netbook Remix IMG file
    2. If you don’t have an USB optical drive, please create a USB startup disk.
    3. Boot from your USB flash drive or from the CD depending on the process you chose.
    4. Select your language and select the first line of the boot menu
    5. Follow the installation procedure then reboot your system
    6. If you installed Ubuntu Netboot Remix, you’ll have to switch to a normal desktop as 3D drivers are not supported yet.
    7. Upgrade your system (this is a very important step). Install all the upgrades available.
    8. Next step, add the ubuntu-mobile repository in /etc/apt/sources.list
    9. deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-mobile/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
      deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-mobile/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

    10. Copy the content of this file into a text file (from the first – to the last -) and import it as a key in Synaptic
    11. Update your APT cache (apt-get update) and install xserver-xorg-video-psb and its dependancies.
    12. EDIT – July 13th 2009 : 3D can be enabled by adding the poulsbo-driver-3d package and rebooting the machine.
    13. Reboot your system

    You now have Ubuntu 9.04 on your Dell Mini 12. 3D effects (compiz) and Netboot Remix are not available yet but should be usable when 3D drivers are released.

  • The Full Page iFrame Made Easy

    <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”>
    <html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” lang=”EN”>
    <head>
    <meta http-equiv=”Content-Type” content=”text/html; charset=utf-8″ />
    <title>Full Page IFrame</title>
    <style type=”text/css”>
    html {overflow: auto;}
    html, body, div, iframe {margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 100%; border: none;}
    iframe {display: block; width: 100%; border: none; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden;}
    </style>
    </head>
    <body>
    <iframe id=”tree” name=”tree” src=”CHILD PAGE URL GOES HERE” frameborder=”0″ marginheight=”0″ marginwidth=”0″ width=”100%” height=”100%” scrolling=”auto”></iframe>
    </body>
    </html>

    http://www.dev-explorer.com/articles/full-page-iframe

  • Creating Certificate Authorities and self-signed SSL certificates

    Following is a step-by-step guide to creating your own CA (Certificate Authority) — and also self-signed SSL server certificates — with openssl on Linux. Self-signing is the simpler route to take, but making one’s own CA allows the signing of multiple server certificates using the same CA and involves only a few extra steps.

    After using openssl to generate the necessary files, you’ll need to integrate them into Apache. This process differs between Linux distros and versions of Apache. Additional references exist at the end of this document. My instructions for Setting up SSL: Ubuntu and Apache 2 are kept most current, and will carry you through to completion.

    Making a homemade CA or self-signed certificate will cause the client web browser to prompt with a message whether to trust the certificate signing authority (yourself) permanently (store it in the browser), temporarily for that session, or to reject it. The message “web site certified by an unknown authority… accept?” may be a business liability for general public usage, although it’s simple enough for the client to accept the certificate permanently.

    Whichever route you take, you’ll save the periodic expense of paying a recognized signing authority. This is purely for name recognition — they’ve paid the major browser producers to have their CA pre-loaded into them. So if you’re on a budget, have a special need or small audience, this may be useful.

    Before you start
    You need Apache and openssl. Compiling them from source, handling dependencies, etc. is beyond the scope of this document. You can consult their documentation, or go with a mainstream Linux distro that will do the preliminary work for you.

    Now you need to decide whether you’ll make a CA (Certificate Authority) and sign a server certificate with it — or just self-sign a server certificate. Both procedures are detailed below.


    (1A) Create a self-signed certificate.

    Complete this section if you do NOT want to make a CA (Certificate Authority). If you want to make a CA, skip 1A entirely and go to 1B instead.

    Some steps in this document require priviledged access, and you’ll want to limit access to the cert files to all but the root user. So you should su to root and create a working directory that only root has read/write access to (for example: mkdir certwork, chmod 600 certwork). Go to that directory.

    Generate a server key:

    openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 4096

    Then create a certificate signing request with it. This command will prompt for a series of things (country, state or province, etc.). Make sure that “Common Name (eg, YOUR name)” matches the registered fully qualified domain name of your box (or your IP address if you don’t have one). I also suggest not making a challenge password at this point, since it’ll just mean more typing for you.

    The default values for the questions ([AU], Internet Widgits Pty Ltd, etc.) are stored here: /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf. So if you’ve got a large number of certificate signing requests to process you probably want to carefully edit that file where appropriate. Otherwise, just execute the command below and type what needs to be typed:

    openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr

    Now sign the certificate signing request. This example lasts 365 days:

    openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt

    Make a version of the server.key which doesn’t need a password:

    openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key.insecure
    mv server.key server.key.secure
    mv server.key.insecure server.key

    http://www.tc.umn.edu/~brams006/selfsign.html

  • Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) using Apache mod_ssl/OpenSSL

    A CSR is a file containing your certificate application information, including your Public Key. Generate your CSR and then copy and paste the CSR file into the webform in the enrollment process:

    Generate keys and certificate:

    To generate a pair of private key and public Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a webserver, “server”, use the following command :

    openssl req -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout myserver.key -out server.csr

    This creates a two files. The file myserver.key contains a private key; do not disclose this file to anyone. Carefully protect the private key.

    In particular, be sure to backup the private key, as there is no means to recover it should it be lost. The private key is used as input in the command to generate a Certificate Signing Request (CSR).

    You will now be asked to enter details to be entered into your CSR.

    What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

    For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.


    Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: GB
    State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: Yorks
    Locality Name (eg, city) []: York
    Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: MyCompany Ltd
    Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: IT
    Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []: mysubdomain.mydomain.com
    Email Address []:

    Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes to be sent with your certificate request

    A challenge password []: 
    An optional company name []:

    Use the name of the webserver as Common Name (CN). If the domain name (Common Name) is mydomain.com append the domain to the hostname (use the fully qualified domain name).

    The fields email address, optional company name and challenge password can be left blank for a webserver certificate.
     

    Your CSR will now have been created. Open the server.csr in a text editor and copy and paste the contents into the online enrollment form when requested.
     

    Alternatively one may issue the following command:

    openssl req -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout myserver.key -out server.csr 
    -subj "/C=GB/ST=Yorks/L=York/O=MyCompany Ltd./OU=IT/CN=mysubdomain.mydomain.com"

    Note: If the “-nodes” is inputted the key will not be encrypted with a DES pass phrase.

    https://support.comodo.com/index.php?_m=knowledgebase&_a=viewarticle&kbarticleid=3&nav=0,33

  • Install Windows XP using USB Flash Disk/ Flash Drive

    http://komku.blogspot.com/2008/11/install-windows-xp-using-usb-flash-disk.html

    Someone in this post (Acer Aspire One Specifications and Windows XP Drivers) ask me to write a tutorial about how to install Windows XP using USB flash disk/flash drive.
    If you want to install Windows XP, but your notebook (or PC) has no CDROM, you should install Windows XP using USB Flash disk/Flash Drive/Thumb drive…
    just follow this guide :

    (more…)

  • Linux renew ip command

    The -r flag explicitly releases the current lease, and once the lease has been released, the client exits. For example, open terminal and type the command:
    $ sudo dhclient -r
    Now obtain fresh IP:
    $ sudo dhclient

    There is no need to restart network service. Above command should work with any Linux distro such as RHEL, Fedora, CentOS, Ubuntu and others. On a related note you can also try out the following commands:
    # ifdown eth0<br />
    # ifup eth0<br />
    # /etc/init.d/network restart

    OR
    # /etc/init.d/networking restart

  • SSH Port Forwarding (SSH Tunneling)

    Sintax:
    
    ssh -L localport:host:hostport user@ssh_server -N
    
    where:
    -L - port forwarding parameters (see below)
    localport - local port (chose a port that is not in use by other service)
    host - server that has the port (hostport) that you want to forward
    hostport - remote port
    -N - do not execute a remote command, (you will not have the shell, see below)
    user - user that have ssh access to the ssh server (computer)
    ssh_server - the ssh server that will be used for forwarding/tunneling
    
    Without the -N option you will have not only the forwardig port but also the remote
     shell. Try with and without it to see the difference.
    
    Note:
    1. Privileged ports (localport lower then 1024) can only be forwarded by root.
    2. In the ssh line you can use multiple -L like in the example...
    3. Of course, you must have ssh user access on secure_computer and moreover
       the secure computer must have access to host:hostport
    4. Some ssh servers do not allow port forwarding (tunneling). See the sshd man
       pages for more about port forwarding (the AllowTcpForwarding keyword is set to
       NO in sshd_config file, by default is set to YES)...
    
    Example:
    
    ssh -L 8888:www.linuxhorizon.ro:80 user@computer -N
    ssh -L 8888:www.linuxhorizon.ro:80 -L 110:mail.linuxhorizon.ro:110
    25:mail.linuxhorizon.ro:25 user@computer -N
    
  • How-to- Root, Hack, and Flashing your G1/Dream

    Preparing to Get Root on your Phone

    Getting root on your phone involves exploiting a security hole that existed in an early version of Android. The versions with the security holes are known as RC19, RC28, and RC29 (or RC7 or lower for UK phones). As of RC30 (RC8 on UK), Google patched the security hole so that your phone can not be rooted (don’t worry, we can still root it!).
    To check your version, go to the Home Screen, click your menu button, choose “Settings”, and then click “About phone”. You will then see the following screen: (more…)

  • Linux Directory Structure Overview

    The Directory Structure in Unix & Linux are a unified Directory Structure where in all the directories are unified under the “/” Root file system. Irrespective of where the File System is physically mounted all the directories are arranged hierarchically under the Root file system.

    The Linux Directory Structure follows the “Filesystem Hierarchy Structure (FHS)” maintained by the Free Standards Group although most of the distributions sometimes tend to deviate from the standards.

    Lets have a quick stroll across the different directories under the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy

    “/” Root

    The Directory Structure starts with the Root file system “/” and is indeed the root directory for the whole structure.The partition where / (the root directory) will be located on a UNIX or UNIX-compatible system.

    /boot

    The /boot directory contains the Boot loader files including Grub or Lilo, the Kernel, initrd and system.map config files

    /sys

    This contains the Kernel, Firmware and system related files.

    /sbin

    Contains the essential System Binaries and System Administration tools essential for the system operation and performance

    /bin

    Contains the essential binaries for users and those utilities that are required in single user mode. Examples, include cat, ls, cp etc.

    /lib

    Contains the library files for all the binaries held in the /sbin & /bin directories

    /dev

    The /dev directory contains the essential system files and drivers.

    /etc

    The /etc/directory contain essential System configuration files including /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, nsswitch.conf, defaults and network configuration files. These are mostly host specific system and application configuration files.

    /home

    All the user home directories are held under this directory with the exception of the root home directory which is kept under /root directory. This directory holds users files, personal settings like .profile etc.

    /media

    A generic mount point for removable media like CD-ROM, USB, Floppies etc

    /mnt

    A generic mount point for temporary file systems. This comes handy particulary when troubleshooting from CDROM etc wherein you might have to mount the Root file system and edit configurations.

    /opt

    A rarely used directory in Linux for Optional Software Packages. This is extensively used in UNIX OS like Sun Solaris where the software packages are installed

    /usr

    A sub hierarchy to the root file system which is a User data directory. Contains user specific utilities and applications. You will again see a lot of important but not critical file systems are mounted. Here you would again find a bin, sbin & lib directory which contains non-critical user and system binaries and related libraries and a share directory. Also found here are the include directory with include files

    /usr/sbin

    Contains Non-essential Non-critical system binaries and network utilities

    /usr/bin

    Contains Non-Essential Non-critical command binaries for users.

    /usr/lib

    Library files for the binaries in /usr/bin & /usr/sbin directory.

    /usr/share

    A platform-independent shared data directory

    /usr/local

    A sub hierarchy under the /usr directory which has Local System specific data including user and system binaries and their libraries

    /var

    The /var directory is mostly mounted as a separate filesystem under the root where in all the variable content like logs, spool files for printers, crontab,at jobs, mail, running process, lock files etc. Care has to be taken in planning this file system and maintenance as this can fill up pretty quickly and when the FileSystem is full can cause system and application operational issues.

    /tmp

    A temporary file system which hold temporary files which are cleared at system reboot. There is also a /var/tmp directory which holds temporary files too. the only difference between the two is that /var/tmp directory holds files that are protected at system reboot. In other words, /var/tmp files are not flushed upon a reboot.